基于OpenSBI的Linux nommu实现
Linux内核6.10提供了对没有mmu的riscv处理器工作在S模式下的支持，之前没有mmu的riscv处理器需要工作在M模式下。本文介绍基于OpenSBI的linux no mmu的实现，供大家参考。
OpenSBI介绍
SBI：Supervisor Software Binary Interface 软件二进制接口
在不支持sstc扩展时，Linux内核在S模式下不能直接配置机器定时器。为了实现对定时器的配置，需要通过SBI接口由工作在M模式下的SBI固件来提供访问定时器等功能。
SBI的实现方式有很多种，常见的有BBL、OpenSBI、Xvisor、KVM、RustSBI、Diosix、Coffer。
文章将要介绍的OpenSBI应用实例采用了FW_JUMP方式的OpenSBI方案。
FW_JUMP类型的固件假设下一个引导阶段入口的地址是固定的，例如引导加载程序或操作系统内核，而不直接包含下一个阶段的二进制代码。
内核配置
在内核配置上，主要涉及到以下选项，也可以通过仓库中的hpmicro_hpm6800evk_defconfig来获取默认的配置。
| CONFIG_ARCH_HPMICRO | 启用内核对HPMicro芯片的支持 |
| CONFIG_RISCV_SBI_V01=y | This config allows kernel to use SBI v0.1 APIs |
| CONFIG_SERIAL_EARLYCON_RISCV_SBI=y | 支持使用RISC-V SBI的早期调试控制台。在内核命令行上带有earlycon=sbi时启用 |
| CONFIG_HVC_RISCV_SBI=y | |
| CONFIG_GPIO_HPMICRO=y | HPMicro GPIO驱动 |
| CONFIG_PAGE_OFFSET_BOOL=y | 自定义内核的起始地址 |
| CONFIG_PAGE_OFFSET=0x40000000 | 内核的起始地址 |
| CONFIG_PINCTRL_HPMICRO | HPMicro pinmux驱动 |
仓库中还提供了基础的GPIO和PINMUX驱动，爱好者们可以通过修改设备树来实现LED和按键功能，而不用修改内核驱动代码。对于其他的外设的PINMUX配置，也可以通过修改设备树来完成。
Loader配置
由于HPM芯片启动时一般是以XIP的方式执行flash中的代码，所以需要一个loader程序来实现将OpenSBI、kernel、设备树等固件拷贝到其运行地址中。
| 固件 | 加载地址 | 运行地址 |
| OpenSBI | 0x80010000 | 0 |
| Kernel | 0x80040000 | 0x40000000 |
| DTB | 0x80310000 | 0x40300000 |
除了搬移固件外，loader还需要做一些基础的初始化工作，包括sdram/ddr的使能，默认console的时钟和串口的pinmux配置等。
做完这些工作后，loader跳转至OpenSBI的入口函数，将系统交给OpenSBI来管理，接着OpenSBI在做完准备工作后，跳转至内核。
BuildRoot配置
单独编译loader、OpenSBI、Linux内核和文件系统并进行烧写是可行的，但是不是那么的方便，使用BuildRoot，我们可以方便的将这些固件整合到一起，一次性编译出整个固件。
loader的添加
首先将编写好loader固件上传到git服务器上。然后在buildroot的boot目录下创建一个文件夹hpmicro_loader,在其中添加两个新文件：Config.in和hpmicro_loader.mk
Config.in中主要是创建了一个Kconfig选项，用来选择是否要使能hpmicro_loader。使能后hpmicro_loader.mk会被加入到编译系统中。
在本文的实现中，loader是基于hpm_sdk进行编写的，其中将hpm_sdk作为submodule引入，所以在hpmicro_loader.mk中，不仅要将loader的仓库地址填入，还需要指定HPMICRO_LOADER_GIT_SUBMODULES = yes来让编译系统去初始化submodule，否则会缺失hpm_sdk文件。同时由于hpm_sdk是基于cmake构建系统的，还需要指定hpmciro_loader的构建系统为cmake：$(eval $(cmake-package))。由于hpm_sdk不支持源文件目录下直接编译，所以要指定HPMICRO_LOADER_SUPPORTS_IN_SOURCE_BUILD = yes。再指定一些SDK编译需要的环境变量后，就可以顺利进行编译了。
编译结束后，通过后处理命令，将编译输出的bin文件，拷贝到genimage的工作目录，用于最终的镜像生成。
define HPMICRO_LOADER_INSTALL_TARGET_CMDS
dd if=/dev/zero of=$(@D)/buildroot-build/output/temp.bin bs=1 count=1024
cat $(@D)/buildroot-build/output/temp.bin $(@D)/buildroot-build/output/demo.bin > $(@D)/buildroot-build/output/opensbiloader.bin
$(INSTALL) -D -m 0644 $(@D)/buildroot-build/output/opensbiloader.bin $(BINARIES_DIR)/opensbiloader.bin
endefKernel版本的指定
可以通过修改以下两个选项来指定Kernel的版本
- 指定Kernel版本
BR2_LINUX_KERNEL_CUSTOM_TARBALL=y
BR2_LINUX_KERNEL_CUSTOM_TARBALL_LOCATION="$(call github,hpmicro,linux,7b088c87b6758e413bd316bf883438f7134f1e7f)/linux-7b088c87b6758e413bd316bf883438f7134f1e7f.tar.gz"其中github,hpmicro,linux代表了仓库地址为github/hpmicro/linux.git,后边的7b088c87b6758e413bd316bf883438f7134f1e7f为指定的提交id
也可以通过menuconfig在图形界面中去修改
- 指定Kernel的配置文件
BR2_LINUX_KERNEL_DEFCONFIG="nommu_hpmicro"- 指定设备树文件
BR2_LINUX_KERNEL_DTS_SUPPORT=y
BR2_LINUX_KERNEL_INTREE_DTS_NAME="hpmicro/hpm6800-evk"OpenSBI版本的指定
OpenSBI的版本指定和Kernel的版本指定类似。
BR2_TARGET_OPENSBI_CUSTOM_REPO_URL="https://github.com/hpmicro/opensbi.git"
BR2_TARGET_OPENSBI_CUSTOM_REPO_VERSION="2900da09af75c80ed8c4a8553a35e94e0f3f5c0d"
BR2_TARGET_OPENSBI_VERSION="2900da09af75c80ed8c4a8553a35e94e0f3f5c0d"- 指定OpenSBI的平台名称：
BR2_TARGET_OPENSBI_PLAT="hpmicro"镜像排布的指定
采用genimage对各个独立的镜像进行整合:创建genimage脚本文件genimage_opensbi.cfg, 指定每个镜像文件存放的位置:
flash w25q128 {
pebsize = 64K
numpebs = 256
minimum-io-unit-size = 1
}
image flash.img {
flash {
}
flashtype = "w25q128"
partition opensbiloader {
size = 64k
image = "opensbiloader.bin"
}
partition opensbi {
offset = 64K
image = "fw_jump.bin"
size = 192K
}
partition kernel {
image = "Image"
offset = 256K
size = 2880K
}
partition dtb {
image = "hpm6800-evk.dtb"
offset = 3136K
size = 64K
}
partition rootfs {
image = "rootfs.squashfs"
offset = 4M
size = 1M
}
}编译过程
OpenSBI单独编译：
- Github仓库地址
| https://github.com/hpmicro/opensbi.git |
- 编译命令：
make platform=hpmicro CROSS_COMPILE=riscv32-unknown-elf- HPMSOC=HPM6800 O={build_dir}编译完成后可以在{build_dir}中找到platform/hpmicro/firmware/fw_jump.bin，需要loader将其拷贝到地址0然后再跳转到地址0来运行。
Loader：
- Github仓库地址
| https://github.com/hpmicro/hpm_opensbi_loader.git |
- 编译命令：
HPM_SDK_BASE={SDKBASE} HPM_SDK_TOOLCHAIN_VARIANT=gcc cmake -GNinja -DBOARD=hpm6800evk -DHPM_BUILD_TYPE=flash_xip -B buildbuildroot工程编译：
- Github仓库地址
| https://github.com/hpmicro/buildroot.git |
- 编译命令：
make hpmicro_hpm6800evk_defconfig
make all烧录和运行
- 烧录需要用到hpm_manufacturing_tool，仓库地址：
| https://github.com/hpmicro/hpm_manufacturing_tool.git |
将buildroot生成的镜像output/images/flash.img重命名成flash.bin烧录到0x80000000即可。
OpenSBI v0.6
____ _____ ____ _____
/ __ \ / ____| _ \_ _|
| | | |_ __ ___ _ __ | (___ | |_) || |
| | | | '_ \ / _ \ '_ \ \___ \| _ < | |
| |__| | |_) | __/ | | |____) | |_) || |_
\____/| .__/ \___|_| |_|_____/|____/_____|
| |
|_|
Platform Name : HPMicro D45
Platform HART Features : RV32ACDFIMSUX
Platform Max HARTs : 1
Current Hart : 0
Firmware Base : 0x0
Firmware Size : 76 KB
Runtime SBI Version : 0.2
MIDELEG : 0x00000222
MEDELEG : 0x0000b109
PMP0 : 0x00000000-0x0001ffff (A)
PMP1 : 0x01200000-0x0127ffff (A,R,W,X)
PMP2 : 0x40000000-0x41ffffff (A,R,W,X)
PMP3 : 0x80000000-0x9fffffff (A,R,X)
PMP4 : 0xe0000000-0xefffffff (A,R,W)
PMP5 : 0xf0000000-0xffffffff (A,R,W)
[ 0.000000] Linux version 6.10.0 (ubuntu@ubuntu-virtual-machine) (riscv32-buildroot-linux-uclibc-gcc.br_real (Buildroot -g71f87772fd) 13.3.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils) 2.41) #1 Sat Sep 14 10:38:43 CST 2024
[ 0.000000] Machine model: HPMicro HPM6800 Evaluate Kit
[ 0.000000] SBI specification v0.2 detected
[ 0.000000] SBI implementation ID=0x1 Version=0x6
[ 0.000000] SBI TIME extension detected
[ 0.000000] SBI IPI extension detected
[ 0.000000] SBI RFENCE extension detected
[ 0.000000] earlycon: sbi0 at I/O port 0x0 (options '')
[ 0.000000] printk: legacy bootconsole [sbi0] enabled
[ 0.000000] printk: debug: ignoring loglevel setting.
[ 0.000000] Zone ranges:
[ 0.000000] Normal [mem 0x0000000040000000-0x0000000041ffffff]
[ 0.000000] Movable zone start for each node
[ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges
[ 0.000000] node 0: [mem 0x0000000040000000-0x0000000041ffffff]
[ 0.000000] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000040000000-0x0000000041ffffff]
[ 0.000000] riscv: base ISA extensions acdfim
[ 0.000000] riscv: ELF capabilities acdfim
[ 0.000000] pcpu-alloc: s0 r0 d32768 u32768 alloc=1*32768
[ 0.000000] pcpu-alloc: [0] 0
[ 0.000000] Kernel command line: earlycon=sbi console=hvc0 ignore_loglevel rootwait root=/dev/mtdblock0
[ 0.000000] Dentry cache hash table entries: 4096 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear)
[ 0.000000] Inode-cache hash table entries: 2048 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear)
[ 0.000000] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 8192
[ 0.000000] mem auto-init: stack:all(zero), heap alloc:off, heap free:off
[ 0.000000] Memory: 30248K/32768K available (1370K kernel code, 298K rwdata, 266K rodata, 97K init, 136K bss, 2520K reserved, 0K cma-reserved)
[ 0.000000] SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1
[ 0.000000] NR_IRQS: 64, nr_irqs: 64, preallocated irqs: 0
[ 0.000000] riscv-intc: 32 local interrupts mapped
[ 0.000000] clocksource: riscv_clocksource: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x588fe9dc0, max_idle_ns: 440795202592 ns
[ 0.000005] sched_clock: 64 bits at 24MHz, resolution 41ns, wraps every 4398046511097ns
[ 0.008230] Calibrating delay loop (skipped), value calculated using timer frequency.. 48.00 BogoMIPS (lpj=96000)
[ 0.018469] pid_max: default: 4096 minimum: 301
[ 0.023214] Mount-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes, linear)
[ 0.030507] Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 0, 4096 bytes, linear)
[ 0.041674] devtmpfs: initialized
[ 0.048165] clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 7645041785100000 ns
[ 0.057969] pinctrl core: initialized pinctrl subsystem
[ 0.087311] cpu0: Ratio of byte access time to unaligned word access is 1.65, unaligned accesses are fast
[ 0.098916] platform soc: Fixed dependency cycle(s) with /soc/interrupt-controller@e4000000
[ 0.109020] platform soc: Fixed dependency cycle(s) with /soc/interrupt-controller@e4000000
[ 0.120899] clocksource: Switched to clocksource riscv_clocksource
[ 0.130851] workingset: timestamp_bits=30 max_order=13 bucket_order=0
[ 0.137423] squashfs: version 4.0 (2009/01/31) Phillip Lougher
[ 0.155691] riscv-plic e4000000.interrupt-controller: mapped 76 interrupts with 1 handlers for 2 contexts.
[ 0.167985] hpmicro gpio f00d0000.gpio-controller: port0dx, ngpios32
[ 0.175826] hpmicro gpio f00d0000.gpio-controller: gpio irq_num 1, dev_namef00d0000.gpio-controller
[ 0.185459] hpmicro gpio f00d0000.gpio-controller: port1dx, ngpios32
[ 0.192568] hpmicro gpio f00d0000.gpio-controller: gpio irq_num 2, dev_namef00d0000.gpio-controller
[ 0.202134] hpmicro gpio f00d0000.gpio-controller: port2dx, ngpios32
[ 0.209294] hpmicro gpio f00d0000.gpio-controller: gpio irq_num 3, dev_namef00d0000.gpio-controller
[ 0.218797] hpmicro gpio f00d0000.gpio-controller: port3dx, ngpios32
[ 0.225921] hpmicro gpio f00d0000.gpio-controller: gpio irq_num 4, dev_namef00d0000.gpio-controller
[ 0.235458] hpmicro gpio f00d0000.gpio-controller: port4dx, ngpios32
[ 0.242579] hpmicro gpio f00d0000.gpio-controller: gpio irq_num 6, dev_namef00d0000.gpio-controller
[ 0.252514] hpmicro gpio f00d0000.gpio-controller: port5dx, ngpios32
[ 0.259651] hpmicro gpio f00d0000.gpio-controller: gpio irq_num 7, dev_namef00d0000.gpio-controller
[ 0.271904] printk: legacy console [hvc0] enabled
[ 0.271904] printk: legacy console [hvc0] enabled
[ 0.281387] printk: legacy bootconsole [sbi0] disabled
[ 0.281387] printk: legacy bootconsole [sbi0] disabled
[ 0.291843] Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 4 ports, IRQ sharing disabled
[ 0.304084] f0040000.uart0: ttyS0 at MMIO 0xf0040000 (irq = 8, base_baud = 1500000) is a 16550A
[ 0.313704] hpmicro-uart f0040000.uart0: hpm-uart probe success
[ 0.322184] hpmicro-uart f004c000.uart3: hpm-uart probe success
[ 0.328959] physmap-flash 80400000.rom: physmap platform flash device: [mem 0x80400000-0x80ffffff]
[ 0.340420] pinctrl-hpmicro f4040000.pinctrl: pin167 config set:
[ 0.346446] pinctrl-hpmicro f4040000.pinctrl: 5:1
[ 0.351353] pinctrl-hpmicro f4040000.pinctrl: 14:1
[ 0.356376] pinctrl-hpmicro f4040000.pinctrl: 128:3
[ 0.361505] pinctrl-hpmicro f4040000.pinctrl: 129:0
[ 0.367076] input: gpio-keys0 as /devices/platform/gpio-keys0/input/input0
[ 0.374457] evbug: Event. Dev: input0, Type: 1, Code: 304, Value: -1
[ 0.380747] evbug: Event. Dev: input0, Type: 0, Code: 0, Value: 0
[ 0.386999] evbug: Connected device: input0 (gpio-keys0 at gpio-keys-polled/input0)
[ 0.394686] evbug: Event. Dev: input0, Type: 1, Code: 304, Value: 0
[ 0.400939] evbug: Event. Dev: input0, Type: 0, Code: 0, Value: 0
[ 0.410306] ledtrig-cpu: registered to indicate activity on CPUs
[ 0.425354] pinctrl-hpmicro f4040000.pinctrl: pin166 config set:
[ 0.431358] pinctrl-hpmicro f4040000.pinctrl: 5:1
[ 0.436289] pinctrl-hpmicro f4040000.pinctrl: 14:1
[ 0.441351] pinctrl-hpmicro f4040000.pinctrl: 128:3
[ 0.446424] pinctrl-hpmicro f4040000.pinctrl: 129:0
[ 0.452175] input: gpio-keys1 as /devices/platform/gpio-keys1/input/input1
[ 0.459436] evbug: Connected device: input1 (gpio-keys1 at gpio-keys/input0)
[ 0.466928] clk: Disabling unused clocks
[ 0.471437] cramfs: checking physical address 0x80400000 for linear cramfs image
[ 0.480081] VFS: Mounted root (squashfs filesystem) readonly on device 31:0.
[ 0.487534] devtmpfs: mounted
[ 0.490877] Freeing unused kernel image (initmem) memory: 96K
[ 0.496618] This architecture does not have kernel memory protection.
[ 0.503115] Run /sbin/init as init process
[ 0.507258] with arguments:
[ 0.510291] /sbin/init
[ 0.513096] with environment:
[ 0.516231] HOME=/
[ 0.518701] TERM=linux
[ 1.553000] random: crng init done
mount: mounting devpts on /dev/pts failed: No such device
sh: can't execute 'seedrng': No such file or directory
Welcome to Buildroot
buildroot login:当按下开发板上的按键时，会有信息打印出来：
[ 3.208963] evbug: Event. Dev: input0, Type: 1, Code: 304, Value: 1
[ 3.215174] evbug: Event. Dev: input0, Type: 0, Code: 0, Value: 0
[ 3.388948] evbug: Event. Dev: input0, Type: 1, Code: 304, Value: 0
[ 3.395153] evbug: Event. Dev: input0, Type: 0, Code: 0, Value: 0
[ 3.808915] evbug: Event. Dev: input1, Type: 1, Code: 305, Value: 1
[ 3.815120] evbug: Event. Dev: input1, Type: 0, Code: 0, Value: 0
[ 3.952914] evbug: Event. Dev: input1, Type: 1, Code: 305, Value: 0
[ 3.959119] evbug: Event. Dev: input1, Type: 0, Code: 0, Value: 0
[ 4.284913] evbug: Event. Dev: input1, Type: 1, Code: 305, Value: 1
[ 4.291118] evbug: Event. Dev: input1, Type: 0, Code: 0, Value: 0
[ 4.420915] evbug: Event. Dev: input1, Type: 1, Code: 305, Value: 0
[ 4.427115] evbug: Event. Dev: input1, Type: 0, Code: 0, Value: 0